نقل قول
هنگامیکه میخواهیم گفته‌های شخص دیگری را نقل کنیم، می‌توانیم از دو حالت مختلف استفاده کنیم:
1- می‌توانیم گفته‌های شخص مورد نظر را عیناً (واو به واو) تکرار کنیم (نقل قول مستقیم):
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She said, "It is raining."
و یا می‌توانیم از نقل قول غیر مستقیم استفاده کنیم:
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She said that it was raining.
در مثال زیر به تغییرات ایجاد شده خوب دقت کنید:
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جدول تغییرات از نقل قول مستقیم به غیرمستقیم
در نقل قول غیرمستقیم، فعل اصلی جمله معمولاً زمان گذشته است و نیز افعال موجود در بقیه جمله هم باید به زمان گذشته تبدیل شوند. این تغییرات به شرح زیرند:
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مثال |
غیر مستقیم |
→ مستقیم |
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"I love you," he said. → He told her that he loved her. |
گذشته ساده |
حال ساده → |
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"I"m talking on the phone," she said. → She said that she was talking on the phone. |
گذشته استمراری | حال استمراری → |
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He said, "The rain has stopped". → He said that the rain had stopped. |
گذشته کامل | حال کامل → |
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He said, "I"ve been reading for 3 hours." → He said that he had been reading for 3 hours. |
گذشته کامل استمراری | حال کامل استمراری → |
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He said, "I met him in the theatre." → He said he had met him in the theatre. |
گذشته کامل | گذشته ساده → |
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"I was driving carefully," he told the police. → He told the police he had been driving carefully. |
گذشته کامل استمراری | گذشته استمراری → |
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افعال کمکی وجهی در نقل قول غیرمستقیم
در نقل قول غیرمستقیم افعال کمکی وجهی may ،can ،will و shall به might، could، would و should تبدیل می‌شوند. یعنی:
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تبدیل می‌شود به → |
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مثال:
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"I will sell my car," he told me.
He told me that he would sell his car. -
"I can help you," he said.
He said he could help me. -
"The teacher may be ill," he said.
He said that the teacher might be ill.
ولی افعال کمکی used to، ought to و must در جملات نقل قول غیرمستقیم تغییری نمی‌کنند:
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I told her that I used to smoke twenty a day.
تغییرات لازم دیگر در نقل قول غیرمستقیم
در نقل قول غیرمستقیم علاوه بر تغییراتی که در افعال صورت می‌گیرد، در بعضی دیگر از اقسام کلمه، از جمله قیدها نیز تغییراتی ایجاد می‌شود که در جدول زیر بعضی از آنها را می‌بینید:
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غیرمستقیم |
مستقیم→ |
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that |
this |
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those |
these |
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there |
here |
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then |
now |
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that day |
today |
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the previous day / the day before |
yesterday |
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the next day / the following day |
tomorrow |
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the following week / year ... |
next week / year ... |
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the previous week / year ... |
last week / year ... |
چند مثال:
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"I like it here," he said.
He said that he liked it there. -
He said, "We"ll visit the factory tomorrow."
He said that he would visit the factory the next day.
